Physical Chemistry: 40 teaching hours
Physical Chemistry: 40 teaching hours
Unit-1. Volumetric Analysis : 8 teaching hrs
- Introduction to gravimetric analysis, volumetric
analysis and equivalent weight ;
- Relationship
between equivalent weight, atomic weight and valency ;
- Equivalent weight of compounds (acid, base, salt, oxidizing and reducing agents) ;
- Concentration of solution and its units in terms of : Percentage, g/L ,
molarity, molality, normality and formality, ppm and ppb ;
- Primary and secondary standard substances ;
- Law of equivalence and normality equation ;
- Titration and its types: Acid-base titration, redox
titration ( related numerical problems)
- Introduction to Acids and Bases ;
- Limitation of Arrhenius concepts of acids and bases ;
- Bronsted –Lowry
definition of acids and bases ;
- Relative
strength of acids and bases ;
- Conjugate acid
–base pairs ;
- Lewis definition of acids and bases ;
- Ionization of
weak electrolyte (Ostwald’s dilution law) ;
- Ionic product of water(Kw) ;
- Dissociation constant of acid and base, (Ka& Kb) ;
- Concept of pKa and pKb ;
- pH value: pH of
strong and weak acids, pH of strong and weak bases ;
- Solubility and solubility product principle ;
- Common Ion effect ;
- Application of solubility product principle and common
ion effect in precipitation reactions ;
- Buffer solution and its application ;
- Indicators and selection of indicators in acid base
titration;
- Types of salts:
Acidic salts, basic salts, simple salts, complex salts (introduction and examples)
;
- Hydrolysis of salts : Salts of strong acid and strong
base , Salts of weak acid and strong base , Salts of weak base and strong acid
(solving related numerical problems)
- Introduction ;
- Rate of reactions: Average and instantaneous rate of
reactions ;
- Rate law and
its expressions ;
- Rate constant and its unit and significance;
- Order and molecularity ;
- Integrated rate
equation for zero and first order reaction ;
- Half-life of zero and first order reactions ;
-Collision theory, concept of activation energy and activated complex ;
- Factors
affecting rate of reactions: Effect of concentration, temperature (Arrhenius
Equation) and effect of catalyst (energy profile diagram) ;
- Catalysis and types of catalysis: homogeneous,
heterogeneous and enzyme catalysis
(solving
related numerical problems based on rate, rate constant and order of zero and
first order reactions)
- Introduction ;
- Energy in
chemical reactions ;
- Internal energy ;
- First law of thermodynamics ;
- Enthalpy and enthalpy changes: Endothermic and
exothermic processes) ;
- Enthalpy of reaction, enthalpy of solution, enthalpy
of formation, enthalpy of combustion ;
- Laws of thermochemistry
(Laplace Law and Hess’s law) ;
- Entropy and spontaneity ;
- Second law of thermodynamics ;
- Gibbs’ free
energy and prediction of spontaneity ;
- Relationship between ∆G and equilibrium constant
(Solving related numerical problems)
- Electrode potential and standard electrode potential ;
- Types of electrodes: Standard hydrogen electrode and calomel electrodes ;
- Electrochemical
series and its applications ;
- Voltaic cell: Zn-Cu cell, Ag- Cu cell ;
- Cell potential and standard cell potential ;
- Relationship between cell potential and free energy ;
- Commercial batteries and fuel cells (hydrogen/oxygen)
Inorganic
Chemistry : 20 teaching hours.
- Introduction ;
- Characteristics
of transition metals ;
- Oxidation
states of transition metals ;
- Complex ions and metal complexes ;
- Shapes of complex ions ;
- d-orbitals in complex ions (simple explanation by
crystal field theory) for octahedral complex ;
- Reasons for the colour of transition metal compounds ;
- Catalytic properties of transition metals
7.1 Copper :
- Occurrence and extraction of copper from copper pyrite ;
- Properties (with air, acids, aqueous ammonia and metal ions) and uses of copper ;
- Chemistry (preparation, properties and
uses) of blue vitriol ;
- Other compounds of copper (red oxide and
black oxide of copper) formula and uses only
7.2 Zinc :
- Occurrence and extraction of zinc
from zinc blende ;
- Properties (with air, acid, alkali,
displacement reaction) and uses of zinc ;
- Chemistry (preparation, properties and
uses) of white vitriol
7.3 Mercury :
- Occurrence and extraction of mercury from
cinnabar ;
- Properties of mercury ;
- Chemistry (preparation, properties and
uses) of calomel and corrosive sublimate
7.4 Iron :
- Occurrence and extraction of iron ;
- Properties and uses of iron ;
- Manufacture of steel by Basic Oxygen Method and Open Hearth Process ;
- Corrosion of iron and its prevention
7.5 Silver :
- Occurrence and extraction of silver by
cyanide process ;
- Preparation and uses of silver chloride
and silver nitrate.
Organic
Chemistry : 55 teaching hours.
- Introduction ;
- Nomenclature, isomerism and classification of
monohaloalkanes ;
- Preparation of
monohaloalkanes from alkanes, alkenes and alcohols ;
- Physical properties of monohaloalkanes ;
- Chemical properties, substitution reactions SN1 and
SN2 reactions (basic concept only) ;
- Formation of alcohol, nitrile, amine, ether,
thioether, carbylamines, nitrite and nitro alkane using haloalkanes ;
- Elimination reaction (dehydrohalogenation- Saytzeff’s
rule), Reduction reactions, Wurtz reaction ;
- Preparation of trichloromethane from ethanol and propanone ;
- Chemical properties of trichloromethane: oxidation,
reduction, action on silver powder, conc. nitric acid, propanone, and aqueous
alkali.
- Introduction ;
- Nomenclature and
isomerism of haloarenes ;
- Preparation of chlorobenzene from benzene and benzene
diazonium chloride ;
- Physical properties ;
- Chemical properties : Low reactivity of haloarenes as
compared to haloalkanes in term of nucleophilic substitution reaction , Reduction
of chlorobenzene , Electrophilic substitution reactions , Action with Na
(Fittig and Wurtz- Fittig reaction) ;
- Action with chloral ;
- Uses of haloarenes.
- Introduction ;
- Nomenclature;
- Isomerism and classification of monohydric alcohol ;
- Distinction of primary, secondary and
tertiary alcohols by Victor Meyer’s Method ;
- Preparation of monohydric alcohols from
Haloalkane, primary amines, and esters ;
- Industrial preparation alcohol from: oxo process, hydroboration-oxidation of ethene & fermentation of sugar ;
- Definition of common terms: Absolute
alcohol, power alcohol, denatured alcohol (methylated spirit), rectified
spirit; alcoholic beverage ;
- Physical properties monohydric alcohols ;
- Chemical properties of monohydric alcohols
: Reaction with HX, PX3, PCl5, SOCl2 ;
- Action with reactive metals like Na, K, Li
;
- Dehydration of alcohols ;
- Oxidation of primary, secondary and
tertiary alcohol with mild oxidizing agents like acidified KMnO4 or K2Cr2O7 ;
- Catalyic dehydrogenation of 1⁰ and 2⁰
alcohol and dehydration of 3⁰ alcohol. ;
- Esterification reaction ;
- Test of ethanol.
- Introduction and nomenclature ;
- Preparation of phenol from i.
chlorobenzene ii. Diazonium salt and iii. benzene sulphonic acid ;
- Chemical properties : Acidic nature of
phenol (comparison with alcohol and water) ;
- Action with NH3, Zn, Na, benzene
diazonium chloride and phthalic anhydride ;
- Acylation reaction, Kolbe’s reaction,
Reimer-Tiemann’s reaction ;
- Electrophilic substitution: nitration, sulphonation, brominaiton and Friedal-Craft’s alkylation ;
- Test of phenol: (FeCl3 test, aq. Bromine
test & Libermann test) ;
- Uses of phenol .
- Introduction ;
- Nomenclature, classification and isomerism of
ethers ;
- Preparation of aliphatic and aromatic ethers
from Williamson’s synthesis ;
- Physical properties of ether ;
- Chemical properties of ethoxyethane:
action with HI , Conc. HCl, Conc. H2SO4, air and Cl2 ,
- Uses of ethers
- Introduction, nomenclature and isomerism ;
- Preparation of aldehydes and ketones from:
Dehydrogenation and oxidation of alcohol, Ozonolysis of alkenes, Acid chloride,
Gem dihaloalkane, Catalytic hydration of alkynes ;
- Physical properties of aldehydes and ketones ;
- Chemical properties ;
- Structure and nature of carbonyl group ;
- Distinction between aldehyde and ketones
by using 2,4- DNP reagent, Tollen’s reagent, Fehling’s solution ;
- Addition reaction: addition of H2, HCN and NaHSO3 13.1.4.4 Action of
aldehyde and ketone with ammonia derivatives; NH2OH, NH2-NH2, phenyl hydrazine,
semicarbazide ;
- Aldol condensation ;
- Cannizzaro’s reaction ;
- Clemmensen’s reduction 13.1.4.8
Wolf-Kishner reduction ;
- Action with PCl5 and action with
LiAlH4 ;
- Action of methanal with ammonia and phenol ;
- Formalin and its uses .
- Aromatic aldehydes and Ketones :
- Preparation of benzaldehyde from toluene and acetophenone
from benzene ;
- Properties of benzaldehyde ;
- Perkin condensation ;
- Benzoin condensation ;
- Cannizzaro’s reaction ;
- Electrophilic substitution reaction .
- Aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids :
Introduction, nomenclature and isomerism ;
- Preparation of monocarboxylic acids from:
aldehydes, nitriles, dicarboxylic acid, sodium alkoxide and trihaloalkanes ;
- Preparation of benzoic acid from alkyl
benzene ;
- Physical properties of monocarboxylic acids ;
- Chemical properties: Action with alkalies,
metal oxides, metal carbonates, metal bicarbonates, PCl3, LiAlH4 and dehydration of
carboxylic acid ;
- Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction ;
- Electrophilic substitution reaction of benzoic
acid bromination, nitration and sulphonation) ; Effect of constituents on the
acidic strength of carboxylic acid ;
- Abnormal behaviour of methanoic acid
- Derivatives of Carboxylic acids (acid
halides, amides, esters and anhydrides) : Preparation of acid derivatives from
carboxylic acid ;
- Comparative physical properties of acid
derivatives ;
- Comparative chemical properties of acid derivatives (hydrolysis, ammonolysis, amines (RNH2), alcoholysis, and reduction only) ;
- Claisen condensation ;
- Hofmann bromamide reaction ;
- Amphoteric nature of amide ;
- Relative reactivity of acid derivatives.
- Nitroalkanes : Introduction, nomenclature and
isomerism ;
- Preparation from haloalkane and alkane ;
- Physical properties ; Chemical properties: Reduction ;
- Nitrobenzene : Preparation from benzene ;
- Physical properties ;
- Chemical properties : Reduction in different media ;
- Electrophilic substitution reactions (nitration,
sulphonation & bromination) ;
- Uses of nitro-compounds .
- Aliphatic amines : Introduction,
nomenclature, classification and isomerism ;
- Separation of primary, secondary and tertiary amines by Hoffmann’s method ;
- Preparation of primary amines from haloalkane, nitriles, nitroalkanes and amides ;
- Physical properties ;
- Chemical properties: basicity of amines,
comparative study of basic nature of 10, 20 and 30 amines ;
- Reaction of primary amines with
chloroform, conc. HCl, R-X, RCOX and nitrous acid (NaNO2 / HCl) ;
- Test of 10, 20 and 30 amines (nitrous
acid test)
- Aromatic amine (Aniline) : Preparation of aniline from
nitrobenzene, phenol ;
- Physical properties ;
- Chemical properties: basicity of aniline, comparison of basic nature of aniline with aliphatic amines and ammonia, alkylation, acylation, diazotization, carbylamine and coupling reaction, electrophilic substitution: Nitration sulphonation and bromination ;
- Uses of aniline.
- Introduction, general formula and examples of organolithium,
organocopper and organocadmium compounds ;
- Nature of Metal-Carbon bond ;
- Grignard reagent : Preparation (using haloalkane and
haloarene) ;
- Reaction of Grignard reagent with water, aldehydes and
ketones ( preparation of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols), carbon
dioxide, HCN, RCN, ester and acid chloride
Applied
Chemistry : 13 teaching hours.
- Polymers : Addition and condensation polymers ;
- Elastomers and fibres ;
- Natural and synthetic polymers ;
- Some synthetic polymers (polythene, PVC, Teflon, polystyrene, nylon and bakelite ;
- Dyes : Introduction;
- Types of dyes on the basis of structure and method of
application;
- Drugs :Characteristics of drugs;
- Natural and synthetic drugs ;
- Classification
of some common drugs; Habit forming drugs and drug addiction ;
- Pesticides : Introduction to insecticides, herbicides
and fungicides
- Introduction ; Raw materials for cement production ;
- Main steps in cement production (crushing and
grinding, strong heating and final grinding) ;
- Types of cement- OPC and PPC ;
- Portland cement process with flow-sheet diagram ;
- Cement Industry in Nepal.
- Introduction ;
- Raw materials ;
- Sources of raw materials;
- Stages in production of paper;
- Flow-sheet diagram for paper production ;
- Quality of paper.
- Natural and artificial radioactivity ;
- Units of radioactivity;
- Nuclear reactions ;
- Nuclear fission and fusion reactions ;
- Nuclear power
and nuclear weapons ;
- Industrial uses of radioactivity ;
- Medical uses of radioactivity ;
- Radiocarbon dating ;
- Harmful effects of nuclear radiations
The End.
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